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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">MD-Onco</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">MD-Onco</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>MD-Onco</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2782-3202</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2782-6171</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">20</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/2782-3202-2021-1-1-93-99</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>THEORETICAL ASPECTS AND BASIC RESEARCH IN ONCOLOGY IN THE CURRENT AGE</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ И ФУНДАМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ В ОНКОЛОГИИ НА СОВРЕМЕННОМ ЭТАПЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Problems of metastasis (literature review)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Проблемы метастазирования (обзор литературы)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7596-0132</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Timofeeva</surname><given-names>N. Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тимофеева</surname><given-names>Н. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p> 15 Moskovsky Ave., Cheboksary 428015, Russia </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> Россия, 428015 Чебоксары, пр-т Московский, 15 </p></bio><email>bla11blabla@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2505-0827</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bubnova</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бубнова</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p> 15 Moskovsky Ave., Cheboksary 428015, Russia </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> Россия, 428015 Чебоксары, пр-т Московский, 15 </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0549-5116</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Struchko</surname><given-names>G. Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Стручко</surname><given-names>Г. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p> 15 Moskovsky Ave., Cheboksary 428015, Russia </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> Россия, 428015 Чебоксары, пр-т Московский, 15 </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7332-4477</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Stomenskaya</surname><given-names>I. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Стоменская</surname><given-names>И. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p> 15 Moskovsky Ave., Cheboksary 428015, Russia </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> Россия, 428015 Чебоксары, пр-т Московский, 15 </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7057-9834</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kostrova</surname><given-names>O. Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кострова</surname><given-names>О. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p> 15 Moskovsky Ave., Cheboksary 428015, Russia </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> Россия, 428015 Чебоксары, пр-т Московский, 15 </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I.N. Ulyanov Chuvash State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Чувашский государственный университет им. И.Н. Ульянова»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021-12-07" publication-format="electronic"><day>07</day><month>12</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>1</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>93</fpage><lpage>99</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-09-03"><day>03</day><month>09</month><year>2021</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2021-12-07"><day>07</day><month>12</month><year>2021</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2021, ABV-Press</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2021, АБВ-пресс</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">ABV-Press</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">АБВ-пресс</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://mdonco.abvpress.ru/jour/about/editorialPolicies</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://mdonco.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/20">https://mdonco.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/20</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Despite significant successes in the development of medical sciences, the study of oncopathology issues still occupies a leading place due to the identification of a large number of advanced cases of the disease. Firstly, this may be due to the rapid growth of a malignant tumor, for example, against the background of immunodeficiency. Secondly, with late treatment of patients, when they already have distant metastases. The success of treatment of any oncological process primarily depends on the timing of the diagnosis: the earlier the tumor is diagnosed, the greater the chance of a positive outcome and an increase in the life expectancy of the cancer patient. The most formidable complication of oncopathology and the main cause of death from it is metastasis, which often reduces to zero all the effects of therapy. Metastasis remains a mystery today. So, despite the large number of various theories, the question of the spread of the tumor throughout the body has not yet been resolved. There is no definite answer to the question: do metastases metastasize? The mechanisms of the influence of hormones on the processes of metastasis have not been fully studied. Difficulties in diagnosis are associated with the lack of clinical manifestations before the appearance of metastases, the inability to track and compare changes in tissues and organs in vivo, the non-specificity of the results of available research methods, and the lack of control of the spread of metastases throughout the body. Experimental studies on laboratory animals can provide answers to these and many other questions. In a review of the literature, a study of the main issues of metastasis is conducted.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Несмотря на значительные успехи в развитии медицинских наук, изучение вопросов онкопатологии до сих пор занимает ведущее место из-за выявления большого количества запущенных случаев заболевания. Это может быть связано, во-первых, с быстрым ростом злокачественной опухоли, например на фоне иммунодефицита, во-вторых, – с поздним обращением пациентов, когда уже имеются отдаленные метастазы. Успех лечения любого онкопроцесса прежде всего зависит от сроков диагностики: чем раньше опухоль диагностирована, тем больше шансов на положительный исход и увеличение продолжительности жизни онкобольного. Самым грозным осложнением онкопатологии и главной причиной смерти от нее является метастазирование, которое зачастую сводит к нулю все эффекты терапии. Вопросы метастазирования на сегодняшний день остаются загадкой. Несмотря на большое количество разнообразных теорий, до сих пор не изучен механизм распространения опухоли по организму. Нет определенного ответа на вопрос: метастазируют ли метастазы? Не до конца исследованы механизмы влияния гормонов на процессы метастазирования. Трудности диагностики связаны с отсутствием клинических проявлений до возникновения метастазов, невозможностью прослеживания и сравнения изменений в тканях и органах прижизненно, неспецифичностью результатов доступных методов исследования, отсутствием контроля распространения метастазов по организму. На эти и многие другие вопросы могут дать ответы экспериментальные исследования на лабораторных животных. В обзоре литературы проведен анализ основных вопросов метастазирования.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>metastasis</kwd><kwd>metastatic spread</kwd><kwd>malignant tumors</kwd><kwd>metastasis models</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>метастаз</kwd><kwd>метастазирование</kwd><kwd>злокачественные опухоли</kwd><kwd>модели метастазирования</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chizh G.A. Modern possibilities of predicting metastasis of malignant neoplasms. Markers of metastasis. Forcipe 2019;1(2):31–41. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чиж Г.А. Современные возможности прогнозирования метастазирования злокачественных новообразований. Маркеры метастазирования. 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